Babies and Toddlers at High Risk of Thirdhand Smoke Exposure

Penn State researchers found higher levels of exposure to nicotine than expected in children as young as six months of age. Children who spent more time in center-based day care had lower nicotine exposure. For children who live in homes with high levels of second and thirdhand smoke, center-based day care may offer some protection from exposure.

December 6, 2018
By Kristie Auman-Bauer

Infants and toddlers in low-income, rural areas may be at higher risk for second- and third-hand smoke than previously reported, according to new Penn State-led research.

As many as 15 percent of children tested had levels of cotinine, a byproduct formed when the body breaks down nicotine, comparable to those of adult smokers. About 63 percent of children in the study had detectable levels of cotinine, suggesting widespread exposure to smoke. The study appears in Nicotine & Tobacco Research.

“This is one of the first studies to explore the risks of very young children, especially infants, for second- or third-hand exposure to smoking,” said Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp, professor of human development and family studies and lead author of the study. “Our findings suggest that moving frequently, having more adults in the home, and spending less time in center-based, daycare facilities may increase a child’s exposure to smoke or smoke residue.”

The researchers analyzed data from the Family Life Project, a long-term study of rural poverty in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. For the study, saliva samples of over 1,200 children were tested for cotinine. The samples were collected from children at age 6 months, 15 months, 2 years and 4 years. The presence of cotinine indicates that the child was exposed to second- or third-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke comes from a lit tobacco product, an electronic smoking device, or the smoker. Third-hand smoke is an invisible residue from smoke that settles onto floors, furniture and clothing.

The researchers classified the children into three groups based on their cotinine levels. Fifteen percent of the children were in the high exposure group, with cotinine levels comparable to active adult smokers, while 48 percent were in the moderate exposure group and 37 percent were in the low exposure group. The percentages of exposed children are higher than those seen in data previously reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which found that only one-third to one-half of children’s blood samples had detectable cotinine.

“One of the reasons we may have found higher levels of exposure is that we looked at much younger children, starting when they were only 6 months old,” stated Gatzke-Kopp. “Because infants often put objects into their mouths and crawl on floors, they may be more likely to ingest smoke residue or get it on their skin, compared to older children.”

The study team evaluated independent factors that may influence a child’s probability of being in one of the three exposure groups. They found that lower income, less education, frequent residential moves and fluctuations in the number of adults within the home were associated with high smoke exposure, whereas time spent at a center-based daycare was associated with lower smoke exposure.

“Our results, if supported by future studies, can help educate parents and caregivers, as well as improve prevention programs that seek to reduce children’s smoke exposure,” said Clancy Blair, professor of cognitive psychology at New York University’s Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development and the senior author of the study. “For instance, nonsmoking families may not be aware that nicotine can be present in their child’s environment if their home was previously occupied by a smoker or if smoking is permitted at the workplace.”

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, all part of the National Institutes of Health.

Other researchers on the project were Michael Willoughby, fellow and senior research public health analyst at RTI International; Siri Warkentien, education and workforce development at RTI International; Thomas O’Connor, professor of psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical Center; and Douglas Granger, director and chancellor’s professor at the Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine.


Source: https://bit.ly/2ZMpCDN
Note: Content may be edited for length and style.

Click here to read the original research article.

More Must Read Stories

Carpets Retain a Stubborn Grip on Pollutants from Tobacco Smoke

A new study from thirdhand smoke researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory shows that thirdhand smoke chemicals that settle into surfaces do not stay there, but re-enter the air, sometimes transforming into new types of contaminants. In this study, the researchers evaluated the effects of ozonation, a common cleaning method, on smoke-exposed carpet.

Read More »

Does Thirdhand Smoke Make You Sick? The German Newspaper Die Zeit Investigates.

As Germany plans to ban smoking in cars with children or pregnant women, the German newspaper, Die Zeit, asked experts to weigh in on the forthcoming policy. The experts concluded that this policy does not go far enough and advised caution, especially for children, due to long-term risks posed by thirdhand smoke exposure (known as cold smoke exposure in Germany). Read the full story to answer the question, “Does Cold Smoke Make You Sick?”

Read More »

Current Smokefree Policies Don’t Protect Us from Thirdhand Smoke–But They Could

Public health policies implemented since the 1970s have increasingly aligned with scientific evidence linking secondhand smoke exposure to significant health risks in nonsmokers. These policies have resulted in the adoption of laws that prohibit indoor smoking in various settings such as indoor workplaces, public transportation, government buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurants, and bars. These measures have been instrumental in protecting public health, saving lives, and reducing healthcare spending by billions of dollars.

Read More »

Recent Articles

Carpets Retain a Stubborn Grip on Pollutants from Tobacco Smoke

A new study from thirdhand smoke researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory shows that thirdhand smoke chemicals that settle into surfaces do not stay there, but re-enter the air, sometimes transforming into new types of contaminants. In this study, the researchers evaluated the effects of ozonation, a common cleaning method, on smoke-exposed carpet.

Share This
Tweet This
Email This

Stay Informed

Get the latest thirdhand smoke news and research delivered straight to your inbox, or follow us on social media: